Reconstructing Student Learning Engagement through AI-Supported Service-Learning: Evidence from a Community-Based Educational Intervention in Eastern Indonesia
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Community-Based Learning, Developing Regions, Service-Learning, Student EngagementAbstract
This study aims to reconstruct student learning engagement through the development and implementation of an Artificial Intelligence (AI)–supported service-learning model within a community-based educational intervention in Eastern Indonesia. The research addresses a critical gap between the rapid adoption of AI technologies and persistently low student engagement in developing regions, as well as the limited integration of service-learning approaches with adaptive technologies. Employing a mixed-methods approach with an embedded case study design, quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-test surveys to assess changes in cognitive, affective, and behavioral engagement, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and focus group discussions. The intervention involved needs assessment, program design, implementation in classroom and community contexts, and participatory reflective evaluation. The findings indicate that integrating AI within a service-learning framework significantly enhances multidimensional student engagement, strengthens the social relevance of learning, and transforms teachers’ roles from knowledge transmitters to learning facilitators. Furthermore, AI functions effectively as a co-constructive agent that mediates adaptive and collaborative learning processes. The novelty of this study lies in proposing an integrative model that positions AI as an integral component of a community-based learning ecosystem, bridging technological, pedagogical, and social dimensions. The study concludes that reconstructing student engagement requires the alignment of technological innovation with contextual pedagogical approaches.
References
Abazoglu, M., & Alhourani, M. I. (2025). The use of language corpora in teaching Arabic to Turkish speakers within the framework of computational linguistics. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101947
Abdallah, N., Katmah, R., Khalaf, K., & Jelinek, H. F. (2025). Systematic review of ChatGPT in higher education: Navigating impact on learning, wellbeing, and collaboration. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101866
Abusamra, A., Muhtaseb, K., & Awawdeh, R. (2025). How should E-learning be conceptualized in the context of higher education in MENA region? Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101808
Acosta-Enriquez, B. G., Arbulu Ballesteros, M., Vilcapoma Pérez, C. R., Huamaní Jordan, O., Martin Vergara, J. A., Martel Acosta, R., Arbulu Perez Vargas, C. G., & Arbulú Castillo, J. C. (2025). AI in academia: How do social influence, self-efficacy, and integrity influence researchers’ use of AI models? Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101274
Al-khresheh, M. H. (2024). Bridging technology and pedagogy from a global lens: Teachers’ perspectives on integrating ChatGPT in English language teaching. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100218
Al Faraby, S., Romadhony, A., & Adiwijaya. (2024). Analysis of LLMs for educational question classification and generation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100298
Arnab, S., Masters, A., Purnomo, R. A., Mahon, D., & Minoi, J.-L. (2025). Playful and frugal learning design: A value-based approach to inclusive and sustainable STEM education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101923
Cheah, Y. H., Lu, J., & Kim, J. (2025). Integrating generative artificial intelligence in K-12 education: Examining teachers’ preparedness, practices, and barriers. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100363
Chiu, T. K. F., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2023). Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118
Cui, Y. (2025). What influences college students using AI for academic writing? - A quantitative analysis based on HISAM and TRI theory. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100391
Detthamrong, U., Laochankham, S., Emperador-Garnace, X. R., Jitsaeng, K., Chaichuay, V., Chansanam, W., & Li, C. (2025). Thematic shifts in E-governance research: From foundational frameworks to emerging technologies. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101888
Espartinez, A. S. (2024). Exploring student and teacher perceptions of ChatGPT use in higher education: A Q-Methodology study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100264
Fadillah, M. A., Syafrijon, Sulandari, Siregar, F. A., & Usmeldi. (2025). Bibliometric mapping of data science in education: Trends, benefits, challenges, and future directions. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101600
Fauzi, W. N. A., Wuryandani, W., & Supartinah. (2025). Creative thinking in global primary education: Pedagogical innovations and learning outcomes through an integrated bibliometric and systematic review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102216
Fortuna, A., Prasetya, F., Samala, A. D., Rawas, S., Criollo-C, S., Kaya, D., Raihan, M., Andriani, W., Safitri, D., & Nabawi, R. A. (2025). Artificial intelligence in personalized learning: A global systematic review of current advancements and shaping future opportunities. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102114
Fütterer, T., Goldberg, P., Bühler, B., Sikimić, V., Trautwein, U., Gerjets, P., Stürmer, K., & Kasneci, E. (2025). Artificial intelligence in classroom management: A systematic review on educational purposes, technical implementations, and ethical considerations. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100483
Gao, R., Merzdorf, H. E., Anwar, S., Hipwell, M. C., & Srinivasa, A. R. (2024). Automatic assessment of text-based responses in post-secondary education: A systematic review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100206
Ghimire, S., Abdulla, S., Joseph, L. P., Prasad, S., Murphy, A., Devi, A., Barua, P. D., Deo, R. C., Acharya, R., & Yaseen, Z. M. (2024). Explainable artificial intelligence-machine learning models to estimate overall scores in tertiary preparatory general science course. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100331
Habibi, A., Mukminin, A., Octavia, A., Wahyuni, S., Danibao, B. K., & Wibowo, Y. G. (2024). ChatGPT acceptance and use through UTAUT and TPB: A big survey in five Indonesian Universities. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101136
Hasan, E., Naqrash, N., & AL Khabbas, A. K. (2025). Teaching Arabic-Korean translation using ChatGPT. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101484
Hsu, W.-L., & Silalahi, A. D. K. (2024). Exploring the paradoxical use of ChatGPT in education: Analyzing benefits, risks, and coping strategies through integrated UTAUT and PMT theories using a hybrid approach of SEM and fsQCA. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100329
Huang, J., & Mizumoto, A. (2024). Examining the relationship between the L2 motivational self system and technology acceptance model post ChatGPT introduction and utilization. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100302
Junaidi, Wahyono, T., & Sembiring, I. (2025). AI-driven competency recommendations based on attendance patterns and academic performance. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100423
Kardiyem, Bandi, Susilaningsih, & Setyowibowo, F. (2025). Performance and scientific mapping of heutagogy publication from 2005 to 2024: A bibliometric analysis. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101632
Lai, C. Y., Cheung, K. Y., & Chan, C. S. (2023). Exploring the role of intrinsic motivation in ChatGPT adoption to support active learning: An extension of the technology acceptance model. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100178
Lai, W. Y. W., & Lee, J. S. (2024). A systematic review of conversational AI tools in ELT: Publication trends, tools, research methods, learning outcomes, and antecedents. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100291
Li, B., Tan, Y. L., Wang, C., & Lowell, V. (2025). Two years of innovation: A systematic review of empirical generative AI research in language learning and teaching. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100445
Li, C., Xing, W., Song, Y., & Lyu, B. (2025). RICE AlgebraBot: Lessons learned from designing and developing responsible conversational AI using induction, concretization, and exemplification to support algebra learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100338
Maksum, A., Marini, A., Kurnianti, E. M., Chen, Y., Safitri, D., Dewiyani, L., Zahari, M., Julia, V., Saputro, R. H., Muharrani, N. P., & Marfu, A. (2025). Social presence in digital classrooms: Fostering collaboration and peer interaction in primary education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101795
Margono, H., Saud, M., & Falahat, M. (2024). Virtual Tutor, Digital Natives and AI: Analyzing the impact of ChatGPT on academia in Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101069
Marini, A., Safitri, D., Niladini, A., Zahari, M., Dewiyani, L., & Muawanah, U. (2025). Developing a website integrated with project-based learning: Evidence of stimulating creativity among elementary school students in Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101402
Mashami, R. A., Ahmadi, & Pahriah. (2025). Green chemistry and cultural wisdom: A pathway to improving scientific literacy among high school students. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101653
Maulana, A., Fenitra, R. M., Sutrisno, S., & Kurniawan. (2025). Artificial intelligence, job seeker, and career trajectory: How AI-based learning experiences affect commitment of fresh graduates to be an accountant? Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100413
Mehrvarz, M., Salimi, G., Abdoli, S., & McLaren, B. M. (2025). How does students’ perception of ChatGPT shape online learning engagement and performance? Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100459
Meniado, J. C., Huyen, D. T. T., Panyadilokpong, N., & Lertkomolwit, P. (2024). Using ChatGPT for second language writing: Experiences and perceptions of EFL learners in Thailand and Vietnam. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100313
Mnguni, L., Nuangchalerm, P., Zaky El Islami, R. A., Sibanda, D., Sari, I. J., & Ramulumo, M. (2024). The behavioural intentions for integrating artificial intelligence in science teaching among pre-service science teachers in South Africa and Thailand. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100334
Muawanah, U., Marini, A., & Sarifah, I. (2024). The interconnection between digital literacy, artificial intelligence, and the use of E-learning applications in enhancing the sustainability of Regional Languages: Evidence from Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10(2), 101169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101169
Mustofa, R. H., Kuncoro, T. G., Atmono, D., Hermawan, H. D., & Sukirman. (2025). Extending the technology acceptance model: The role of subjective norms, ethics, and trust in AI tool adoption among students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100379
Musyaffi, A. M., Adha, M. A., Mukhibad, H., & Oli, M. C. (2024). Improving students’ openness to artificial intelligence through risk awareness and digital literacy: Evidence form a developing country. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101168
Nurhasanah, A., Nadiroh, & Maksum, A. (2025). Bridging cognition and ethics: Socio-emotional skills and digital history literacy in fostering critical thinking. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101786
Nurtanto, M., Nawanksari, S., Sutrisno, V. L. P., Syahrudin, H., Kholifah, N., Rohmantoro, D., Utami, I. S., Mutohhari, F., & Hamid, M. A. (2025). Determinants of behavioral intentions and their impact on student performance in the use of AI technology in higher education in Indonesia: A SEM-PLS analysis based on TPB, UTAUT, and TAM frameworks. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101638
Park, J. (2025). A systematic literature review of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) literacy in schools. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100487
Priyambada, S. A., Usagawa, T., & ER, M. (2023). Two-layer ensemble prediction of students’ performance using learning behavior and domain knowledge. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100149
Rahayu, N. W., Ferdiana, R., & Kusumawardani, S. S. (2022). A systematic review of ontology use in E-Learning recommender system. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100047
Rahmawati, E., Herlina, H., & Lustyantie, N. (2025). Unleashing English-speaking proficiency: The role of academic environment, technology, and linguistic adaptability evidence from Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101821
Rahmawati, S., Prestridge, S., Abdullah, A. G., & Widiaty, I. (2025). Unpacking the digital competence challenge in vocational education: A case from Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101803
Salido, A., Syarif, I., Sitepu, M. S., Suparjan, Wana, P. R., Taufika, R., & Melisa, R. (2025). Integrating critical thinking and artificial intelligence in higher education: A bibliometric and systematic review of skills and strategies. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101924
Samala, A. D., Rawas, S., Zainuddin, Z., Howard, N.-J., & Shilina, S. (2025). The role of non-fungible tokens in education: A comprehensive review and future directions. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101834
Sangur, K., Zubaidah, S., & Sulisetijono. (2025). A systematic literature review of mobile learning trends in biology education over ten years. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101429
Shofiyah, N., Jatmiko, B., Suprapto, N., Prahani, B. K., & Anggraeni, D. M. (2025). The use of technology to scientific reasoning in science education: A bibliometric and content analysis of research papers. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101534
Souza, A. S. C. de, & Debs, L. (2024). Concepts, innovative technologies, learning approaches and trend topics in education 4.0: A scoping literature review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 100902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100902
Syahruddin, S., Saleh, M. S., Mailizar, M., Saleh, M. S., Habibi, A., & Alqahtani, T. M. (2025). Responsible AI in Indonesian higher education: A survey in sports education and public health programs. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101445
Taufik, O. A., Soeharto, S., Ahmad, A. K., Suprapto, Sumarni, An-Nahidl, N. A., Pamungkas, O. Y., Mariah, S., Andini, D. W., & Cahyandaru, P. (2025). The path to teaching Excellence: Examining self-efficacy of pre-service teachers during school internship programs in Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101619
Tlais, S., Hamdan, R., HajjHussein, H., Alkhatib, A., & Hallal, K. (2025). Post-COVID student preferences: Shaping higher education’s future. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101582
Tyas, R. A., Wilujeng, I., Rosana, D., Kuswanto, H., & Purwasih, D. (2025). A review of disaster risk reduction education implementation: Integration, trends, and trajectories. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 102015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102015
Waluyo, B., Anita, Akhirudin, Syafaah, D., & Buny Andaru Bahy, M. (2025). Bridging secular and religious perspectives: Gender awareness in language learning in Indonesian higher education. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101903
Waluyo, B., & Kusumastuti, S. (2024). Generative AI in student English learning in Thai higher education: More engagement, better outcomes? Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101146
Wang, S. I.-C., & Liu, E. Z.-F. (2025). AI tools and POE model in educational technology Learning: Exploring participant experiences using thematic analysis. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100488
Wibowo, A., Narmaditya, B. S., Suparno, Sebayang, K. D. A., Mukhtar, S., & Shafiai, M. H. M. (2023). How does digital entrepreneurship education promote entrepreneurial intention? The role of social media and entrepreneurial intuition. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100681
Yan, Y., Edwards, B. I., & Sanmugam, M. (2025). Scientometric analysis of emerging trends and research landscape of ERNIE Bot’s potentials as an educational tool: A mixed method study of a large language model. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101729
Yaprak, A. (2025). Motivation to learn German as a foreign language: A systematic literature review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101741
Yarmi, G. (2025). Developing a writing instruction model for primary schools based on ISM-DEMATEL to enhance students’ literacy competence: An empirical evidence in Indonesia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101963
Yu, G., Ramayah, T., & Lin, Z. (2025). Toward understanding the role of generative AI in entrepreneurship education: A systematic review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 9, 100470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100470
Yudiani, E., Istiningtyas, L., Meyrinda, J., & Khosiyah, S. (2025). Lecturers’ psychological well-being: Impact of leadership style on work climate, self-compassion, and gratitude. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, 101677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101677
Zaim, M., Arsyad, S., Waluyo, B., Ardi, H., Al Hafizh, M., Zakiyah, M., Syafitri, W., Nusi, A., & Hardiah, M. (2024). AI-powered EFL pedagogy: Integrating generative AI into university teaching preparation through UTAUT and activity theory. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100335
Zaluchu, S. E., Widodo, P., & Kriswanto, A. (2025). Conceptual reconstruction of religious moderation in the Indonesian context based on previous research: Bibliometric analysis. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101552
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewilna Helmi, Yosepus A. Hallatu, Asep Asep
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
